REVIEW ON ENHANCEMENT OF GLUCOSE UPTAKE AND UP-REGULATION OF GLUCOSE TRANSPORTERS BY ANTIDIABETIC MEDICINAL PLANTS

ABSTRACTGlucose is a key fuel in mammalian cells that import by a process of facilitative diffusion mediated by glucose transporters (GLUT). A defect in GLUTexpression for prolong time leads to diabetes mellitus. Medicinal plants used in traditional treatments confirm a possibility of tackling diabetes byregulating the GLUT activity in the body, with lesser side effects. Resistant of tissues to insulin is a major manifestation in type 2, and the cause can belocalized in defect of glucose that can be reverse by medicinal plants. In vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies of plant extracts and its active compoundssupport for their multiple target mechanisms. Many medicinal plants used in the traditional medicine enhancing the translocation of GLUT and thiscould lead to a new approach for treating type 2 diabetes.Keywords: Diabetes, Glucose transporters, Mechanism of glucose transporter, Glucose transporters 4, Medicinal plants.Â

BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES FROM MEDICINAL PLANTS AND ITS USES IN INHIBITING BIOFILM FORMATION

Pathogenic micro-organisms have become the main problem in today's world. All microbes are getting resistant to antibiotics. This is due to theformation of biofilm layer above the micro-organisms. Learning the characteristics of biofilm can help us in treating the infectious disease induced via micro-organisms. They affect human's life in some or the other way. For example, the plaque formed in our teeth that cause tooth decay is due to thebacterial biofilm. When micro-organisms stick to moist or wet surfaces, it produces glue-like, slimy contents which are known as biofilms. Biofilmsbelong to the sessile communities, communities in which organisms are considered as immobile. Biofilms are enclosed within a matrix, known asextracellular polymeric matrix, which are secreted by micro-organisms. Biofilms attached to the surfaces are affected by certain characteristics likethe growth medium, substratum to which it is attached and cellular surfaces. Each of these factors can either increase or decrease the hold of biofilmon the surfaces. With the help of biofilms, micro-organisms protect themselves from antibiotics and cause various infectious disease. Recent studies had proved medicinal plants to be effective in treating disease caused by microbes. Medicinal plants produce active compounds during secondarymetabolism which help in the treatment of infectious disease. The problem that arises with antibiotics is that they are unable to penetrate through thebiofilm. This problem is solved by converting antibiotics in nanoparticle size. Nanoparticles have high penetrating ability than the antibiotics. Theyhelp in controlling microbial growth by killing them.Â

EFFECT OF ANTI-BIOFILM POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT MEDICINAL PLANTS: REVIEW

Medicinal plant products are the natural products which have been very useful for human to cure various ailments and as an alternative medicine for conventional therapy. However, bacteria in natural environments are mainly exist in biofilm formation and are more susceptible to cause severe infections than the planktonic counterparts. Biofilm is associated with impaired epithelization and granulation tissue formation and also promotes a low-grade inflammatory response that interferes with wound healing. Since the infection caused by biofilm is often very difficult to treat, there is a need to find a new active anti-biofilm agent. In recent past, interest in the therapeutic and nutritional properties of various medicinal plants and its natural phytochemical compounds which have established for their anti-biofilm activities has been increased gradually. In this review, we have described various aerial parts of medicinal plants which have anti-biofilm effect which was evaluated against biofilm producing different bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial agents which are responsible to cure wound healing.Keywords: Medicinal plants, Phytochemical, Anti-biofilm activity

PHYTOPHARMACEUTICAL POTENTIALS OF PROSOPIS LAEVIGATA, SYMPLOCOS COCHINCHINENSIS AND NYMPHAEA ALBA: A REVIEW

 Medicinal plants are used from a very long interval of time for treatment of several diseases. In this review, we present detailed information about the diversified medicinal properties of three different plants, namely, Prosopis laevigata, Symplocos cochinchinensis, and Nymphaea alba. The different medicinal properties found in these three unexplored plants can have industrial applications in the treatment of peculiar diseases such as heart attacks and hypercholestriamia. The typical medicinal properties found in these plant's antioxidant, antibacterial, and antimicrobial activity, which suggests that all these plants can be used in drug design and modeling at commercial level. The unique properties of P. laevigata include anti-biofilm and anti-corrosion activities. The exclusive properties found in S. cochinchinensis include anti-snake venom activity and anticancer activity. The rare properties of N. alba include uterotonic and anxiolytic activities. Combining all these activities, we compare all the properties in these plants and hence conclude with the future therapeutic applications in drug design of these plants

ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI ISOLATED FROM FICUS RELIGIOSA

Objective- The aim was to study in vitro anti diabetic activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Ficus Religiosa.Method- The explants (leaves and stem) were processed on the potato dextrose media nine colonies was found and colony frequency was calculated. All the colonies were transferred onto potato dextrose broth and incubated for 21 days. The crude was extracted using three solvents petroleum ether (0.1), diethyl ether (2.8) and ethyl acetate (4.4). Three assays were performed to determine in vitro anti diabetic activity of crude extract (α-amylase inhibition assay, α-glucosidase inhibition assay and glucose diffusion assay) and the % of inhibition by crude and standard acarbose was calculated with standard error mean.Results- The endophytic fungi shows the highest % of inhibition for α-amylase inhibition assay (91 % ± 0.06), α-glucosidase inhibition assay (42% ± 0.01).Conclusion-The results indicates that the hypoglycemic activity of the endophytic crude extract has been proved, hence further studies are focused on to isolate and purify the bioactive compounds and test for in vivo animal studies to confirm the anti diabetic activity.Keywords: Endophytic fungi, Antidiabetic activity, α-amylase, α-glucosidase

Bioactive Molecules from Medicinal Plants as Functional Foods (Biscuits) for the Benefit of Human Health as Antidiabetic Potential

Functional foods defined as “similar in appearance to a conventional food, and is demonstrated to have physiological benefits or reduce the risk of chronic disease beyond basic nutritional functions.” The leading role in food industry plays ultimately by the functional food. In recent days, the designing of a functional food with the incorporation of medicinal plants, which is the natural product is the familiar one. The medicinal plants are scientifically proven, lesser side effects, and eco-friendly in nature. Many food types are chosen for the development of functional food with the incorporation of medicinal plants. Diabetes mellitus is a major chronic disease which affects the basic metabolism of insulin secretion and insulin functioning on glucose clearance from the blood stream. The modern inactive life style of the population leads to obesity and ultimately results in the major risk of diabetes mellitus and other risk factors alongside. The therapeutic alteration for DM is to minimize the burden of disease, and the targeted people were advised to follow proper physical activity and nutrient intake with healthy weight gain. The disease targeted people were recommended with the proper diet intake which aims at consuming the functional food with the incorporation of medicinal plants

LBP-based periocular recognition on challenging face datasets

This work develops a novel face-based matcher composed of a multi-resolution hierarchy of patch-based feature descriptors for periocular recognition - recognition based on the soft tissue surrounding the eye orbit. The novel patch-based framework for periocular recognition is compared against other feature descriptors and a commercial full-face recognition system against a set of four uniquely challenging face corpora. The framework, hierarchical three-patch local binary pattern, is compared against the three-patch local binary pattern and the uniform local binary pattern on the soft tissue area around the eye orbit. Each challenge set was chosen for its particular non-ideal face representations that may be summarized as matching against pose, illumination, expression, aging, and occlusions. The MORPH corpora consists of two mug shot datasets labeled Album 1 and Album 2. The Album 1 corpus is the more challenging of the two due to its incorporation of print photographs (legacy) captured with a variety of cameras from the late 1960s to 1990s. The second challenge dataset is the FRGC still image set. Corpus three, Georgia Tech face database, is a small corpus but one that contains faces under pose, illumination, expression, and eye region occlusions. The final challenge dataset chosen is the Notre Dame Twins database, which is comprised of 100 sets of identical twins and 1 set of triplets. The proposed framework reports top periocular performance against each dataset, as measured by rank-1 accuracy: (1) MORPH Album 1, 33.2%; (2) FRGC, 97.51%; (3) Georgia Tech, 92.4%; and (4) Notre Dame Twins, 98.03%. Furthermore, this work shows that the proposed periocular matcher (using only a small section of the face, about the eyes) compares favorably to a commercial full-face matcher

Connected Domination in Graphs

A connected dominating set D is a set of vertices of a graph G = (V, E) such that every vertex in V − D is adjacent to at least one vertex in D and the subgraph hDi induced by the set D is connected. The connected domination number γc(G) is the minimum of the cardinalities of the connected dominating sets of G. The problem of finding a minimum connected dominating set D is known to be NP-hard. Many polynomial time algorithms that achieve some approximation factors have been provided earlier in finding a minimum connected dominating set. In this work, we present a survey on known properties of graph domination as well as some approximation algorithms. We implemented some of these algorithms and tested them with random graphs and compared their performance in finding a minimum connected dominating set D. We present the breadth first search algorithm as a heuristic for finding a connected dominating set whose cardinality is hopefully close to that of a minimum connected dominating set. The algorithm finds a spanning tree T of the graph G = (V, E) using breadth first search, and picks up the non-leaf nodes as the connected dominating set D. There are graphs for which the Breadth first search heuristic does not work so well. We implemented some local optimization procedures that would improve the performance of the breadth first search heuristic in finding the minimum connected dominating set D

Connected Domination in Graphs

A connected dominating set D is a set of vertices of a graph G = (V, E) such that every vertex in V − D is adjacent to at least one vertex in D and the subgraph hDi induced by the set D is connected. The connected domination number γc(G) is the minimum of the cardinalities of the connected dominating sets of G. The problem of finding a minimum connected dominating set D is known to be NP-hard. Many polynomial time algorithms that achieve some approximation factors have been provided earlier in finding a minimum connected dominating set. In this work, we present a survey on known properties of graph domination as well as some approximation algorithms. We implemented some of these algorithms and tested them with random graphs and compared their performance in finding a minimum connected dominating set D. We present the breadth first search algorithm as a heuristic for finding a connected dominating set whose cardinality is hopefully close to that of a minimum connected dominating set. The algorithm finds a spanning tree T of the graph G = (V, E) using breadth first search, and picks up the non-leaf nodes as the connected dominating set D. There are graphs for which the Breadth first search heuristic does not work so well. We implemented some local optimization procedures that would improve the performance of the breadth first search heuristic in finding the minimum connected dominating set D